Humoral rejection is refractory to conventional high-dose corticosteroid pulse therapy and invariably requires the addition of depleting antibodies, either polyclonal antilymphocyte agents or OKT3.

There has been a great deal of recent work that has used the combination of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to treat humoral rejection. It seems to be an important advance.

Antibody-mediated rejection is a leading cause of kidney-transplant failure. The targeting of CD38 to inhibit graft injury caused by alloantibodies and natural killer (NK) cells may be a therapeutic ...